History (HIS)

An investigation of the mythic and religious traditions of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Greco-Roman traditions are examined in comparison with those of other ancient Indo-European peoples, especially the Hittites, Indians, Persians, Celts and Vikings. Cross-listed with CL 113 & RSP 113. PRE

History 141 explores the development of societies in diverse regions of the world, from earliest times up to about 1500. Because it covers such a long period of time and such a wide range of places, the course is necessarily selective; it examines some themes and places more fully than others. But during these centuries, all parts of the globe saw the emergence of complex societies, cultures, and political arrangements By tracing the ways that process unfolded, History 141 seeks to provide students with a broad overview of world history, while also improving their skills of historical analysis and contributing to their understanding of the contemporary world. PRE, AAL

This course will examine major civilizations in world history since roughly 1300, with particular attention to the foundational ideas and beliefs that have both inspired and challenged them. Human civilizations have been continuously evolving, adapting, expanding, fragmenting, and interacting with one another for thousands of years. Understanding the history of civilizations requires attention not only to material and technological changes over time, but also to the belief systems, ideologies, and structures of power that have defined civilizations and shaped our lived environments. Has the rising intensity of global interaction over the past several centuries led us on a path of convergence toward a single civilization? Or does the past demonstrate that despite high levels of contact and exchange, human civilizations remain as varied as ever? PRE

The increasing interaction of peoples and nations we call globalization benefits some more than others. This course focuses on the historical origins and consequences of a world divided between the rich and poor, the privileged and excluded, the mainstream and the marginalized. Students will consider, among various topics, the emergence of racial and ethnic categories, which accompanied the divergence of a small number of wealthy nations, primarily in the northern hemisphere, from many more poor ones, primarily in the south. They will examine resulting hierarchies that structure other realms of social life, including gender relations, religious conflict, access to education and technology, and environmental degradation. The course also explores how individuals, communities, and societies have challenged dominant understandings of the world, advanced alternative perspectives, and struggled for social justice. AAL

What does it mean to be healthy? What does it mean to be sick? And how have human beings tried to control health and illness? This course explores the many ways that humans have sought to understand bodies, to control disease, to comprehend death, and to deal with atypical bodies and minds. In this class, we will read and talk about the history of medicine, of course, but also touch upon a variety of social and cultural factors that help us to better understand the progress (or lack thereof) of scientific medicine: race, gender, ability, sexuality, class, colonialism, and oppression, among others. We will begin in ancient times and end in the modern era, but take a winding path on our journey, touching on everything from Egyptian death practices to eugenics to HIV/AIDS. The history of medicine is not a straight forward accounting of ingenuity and discovery, but rather a wild, crazy, sometimes gross, often horrifying, story about people and the worlds they lived in. USH, PRE

This is not your high school history class. We won't ignore presidents and generals but we will also push beyond them to look at ordinary people, popular culture, and the unexpected ideas that shaped American history from Native American settlement to the aftermath of the Civil War. We will pay particular attention to the interaction among Europeans Africans and the Native Peoples of the New World. We will also explore historical methodologies, practice critical thinking, and discuss how this history has shaped the country we know today. We will use film, music, and compelling stories to show that history is not just a list of names and dates; it is a gripping drama of individuals and groups from foot soldiers to farmers striving to create a new nation. USH

This is not your high school history class. We won't ignore presidents and generals, but we will push beyond them to look at ordinary people, popular culture, and the ideas that shaped American history from the end of the Civil War to the present. From Robber Barons and Captains of Industry; to radical unionists and free-lovers; from the rise of Jim Crow to civil rights activism; from Victorian bustles to flappers and feminists; from the New Deal to the Tea Party; we cannot understand the present without understanding how these stories have transformed America over the last century and a half. We will use film, music, and compelling stories about men and women living through the issues of their day to show that history is not just a list of names and dates. USH **NOTE: HIS 161 is not a prerequisite for HIS 162. Students may register for one, both, and in any order.

Introduction to major themes and events in the histories of China, Korea, Japan, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia in early times. Considers the developments of ways of thought, the emergence of and interactions among states and empires, and artistic and literary movements. Our goal is to understand the historical forces and transformations shaping Asia before about 1600. This course is the same as AS 181, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL, PRE

Introduction to major themes and events in the histories of China, Korea, Japan, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia in recent centuries. Considers the impacts of colonialism and imperialism, the emergence of nationalist and revolutionary movements, decolonization and the Cold War. Our goal is to understand the historical forces and transformations shaping contemporary Asia, the common experiences that different areas of Asia have shared in the recent past, and what distinguishes the histories of particular Asian nations within a comparative perspective. This course is the same as AS 182 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

The one credit UB Seminar is focused on a big idea or challenging issue to engage students with questions of significance in a field of study and, ultimately, to connect their studies with issues of consequence in the wider world. Essential to the UB Curriculum, the Seminar helps transition to UB through an early connection to UB faculty and the undergraduate experience at a comprehensive, research university. This course is equivalent to any 198 offered in any subject. This course is a controlled enrollment (impacted) course. Students who have previously attempted the course and received a grade of F or R may not be able to repeat the course during the fall or spring semester.

The three credit UB Seminar is focused on a big idea or challenging issue to engage students with questions of significance in a field of study and, ultimately, to connect their studies with issues of consequence in the wider world. Essential to the UB Curriculum, the Seminar helps students with common learning outcomes focused on fundamental expectations for critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and oral communication, and learning at a university, all within topic focused subject matter. The Seminars provide students with an early connection to UB faculty and the undergraduate experience at a comprehensive, research university. This course is equivalent to any 199 offered in any subject. This course is a controlled enrollment (impacted) course. Students who have previously attempted the course and received a grade of F or R may not be able to repeat the course during the fall or spring semester.

Survey of Rome's mythical beginnings to the time of the emperors that covers the full spectrum of Roman cultural expression. Topics covered are not only literature, painting, sculpture, and architecture but also details of everyday life in the Roman world, as well as the roles played by marginal figures (women, slaves, foreigners). This course is the same as CL 223 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. PRE

Elements of Greek civilization analyzed from synchronistic and developmental views to produce a coherent image of that culture as a living and expanding entity.This course is the same as CL 222, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. PRE

Topics vary by semester. PRE

This course focuses on the relationship of the United States with the broader world from the War of 1898 to the ¿War on Terror¿ in the early 21st century. During this period the United States emerged as a global superpower whose military, economy, and culture had a broad, transformative impact on much of the world. At the same time, the projection of American power overseas changed life in the United States dramatically. This course focuses on the overt and subtle connections between the United States and the world. It will enrich our understanding of American foreign relations, along with the myriad of ways Americans have engaged with peoples abroad¿as soldiers, missionaries, tourists, traveling musicians, corporate executives, activists, and immigrants. Among the major themes and topics discussed will be wars, diplomacy, the global economy, the growth of international organizations, human rights, pandemics, environmental crises, consumer culture, the Cold War, human rights, terrorism, and globalization. USH

Introduction in to the causes of the American Civil War, its impact on the American nation, and its continued significance for American politics and society. Topics covered include: the role of slavery in antebellum politics and the crisis of the 1850s, army life, the changing nature of warfare and introduction of total war tactics, changes in gender relations and women's political activism, Abraham Lincoln and his assassination, slave emancipation, Reconstruction, and the memorialization of the war from the nineteenth century to the present day. We will read a variety of primary and secondary source documents, as well as literary treatments of the period and films, in order to obtain a fuller cultural understanding of this pivotal moment in American history. USH

EUR

This course examines death in America from before Columbus until today. Through lectures, movies, music, slides, and the World Wide Web, we will investigate how people have thought about death throughout American history. Because people have always been fascinated with death, they left behind numerous sources that allow us access to their innermost thoughts: diaries, letters, gravestones, songs and artwork. We will examine these sources to learn how attitudes towards death and dying have changed over the last several centuries. Topics include Indian burial practices, Puritan death, the problem of infant mortality, the meaning of death in the Civil War, capital punishment today, and physician-assisted suicide. USH

In colonial America, practicing witchcraft was against the law. Beating your wife was not. Convicted wrongdoers faced hanging, flogging, even branding - but not prison. There has always been crime and punishment in America, but just what counts as crime, which crimes are committed, which are especially dreaded, how criminals are prosecuted, who they are and what kinds of penalties they face has changed from century to century. USH

This course will examine the African American civil rights movement in America. Following the call to view civil rights from a local perspective, we will study the movement in a variety of locations: from the rural south to the urban north. In addition to examining the nonviolent struggle for integration in the South we will look at activist demands for better housing, jobs, and economic parity nationwide. Rather than viewing the black power movement as separate and divisive we will intertwine the history of black power and self-determination with the history of civil rights activism. Although the course will focus on the post-World War II period, we will discuss the roots of the movement in early twentieth-century struggles for justice. USH

This course explores the intertwined histories of Latin America and the United States from the Age of Revolutions forward through history, literature, and film. The course has three concrete goals. First, it aims to introduce students to critical themes in Latin American history. Second, this course challenges traditional narratives of U.S. History by asking students to take a second look at key topics in U.S. History that appear different when seen from a Latin American vantage point. Third, this course will expose students to the rich literary and visual culture that is a product of North-South, cross-border relations in the Americas. Equipped with proficiency in the history of 200 years of political, economic, social, and cultural exchanges between Latin America and the United States, students in HIS 219 will be able to understand and contextualize contemporary issues in the Americas such as migration and immigration, Americanism and Anti-Americanism, cultural and economic imperialism, environmental issues, and cross-border, social justice, and anti-globalization movements. AAL

The decolonization of the postwar period, often a violent process, defined colonialism primarily in political and economic terms. Recently, the analysis has shifted to understanding empire as a cultural phenomenon-to understanding it, that is, as a system of thought that enabled the political and economic view of colonialism. Recent analysis also stresses that colonialism had cultural repercussions both for the colonial authorities and for the colonized. This course applies these insights as it explores three phases of European imperialism. We begin by looking at the Spanish empire in the New World and at the expansion of trade and the gradual accumulation of outposts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The emphasis then shifts to the study of nineteenth-century colonialism. The first example will be India: how the British came to control and administer this part of the world. Then, we shall examine the transfer of this model of colonial administration to Africa in the late nineteenth-century, examining, at that point, French, German, as well as British versions of empire. EUR, AAL

Jewish experience from the late 18th century to the present day; Western and Eastern European Jewry; ethnic origins and backgrounds of contemporary Jewry in the United States, Canada, and Israel. This course is the same as JDS 230 and RSP 230, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. EUR

Six issues in Jewish history and their impact on the development of Judaism and on the Jewish community; analysis of the resilience and adaptability of a people under stress. This course is the same as JDS 102 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. EUR

Content varies by semester. USH

In the 21st century, Americans are debating whether to legalize marijuana. But how did marijuana get to be illegal in the first place? Who decided that some drugs are so dangerous we should fight a war against them, while others are so beneficial that entire industries should be devoted to encouraging their use? Why are American debates over drugs so intense and so complex, and why have they produced such a contradictory legal and cultural landscape? This course answers such questions by exploring the rich history of alcohol and other drugs in America: from the Pilgrims, beer riots to Prohibition, from cocainized Coca-Cola to "crack: cocaine, from Bayer's Heroin to Purdue Pharmas OxyContin, from the Marlboro Man to vape lounges, from vipers to hippies to ravers. We will track the changing worlds of drug discovery and commerce; drug use and drug-using subcultures; drug regulation and policing (domestic and global); drug treatment and addiction science; and the shifting, racialized cultural politics of drugs. USH

What does sexuality have to do with American history or politics? In "Sexuality in America" we explore the topics of sex-sexual behavior, sexual morality, sexual identity, and sexual experience by placing them in historical context and tracing changes over time in the ways Americans have understood and tried to regulate sexuality. We question to what extent sexuality is natural/biological or cultural/social. To understand sexuality as having a history, we will investigate three areas within American society: First, we will look at views of sexuality within major belief systems like religion, science, and the law. Second, we will trace changing sexual beliefs and practices in everyday life, examining sex as an ordinary part of family and community life. Finally, we will look at sexuality when it becomes an explicit part of American political life, as it did in the 19th-century temperance movement, the early 20th century birth control movement, the post-Stonewall (1969) gay and lesbian movement, and today's anti-abortion movement.USH

This course is designed to give undergraduates an introduction to the history of eugenics and to situate American eugenics in a broader global context. The course begins in 1883 in England, with Francis Galton, the English aristocrat who created the science of eugenics. It then focuses on the United States from the 1880s to the end of World War II. In the second part of the course we explore the expansion of British/American eugenics to Latin America, and Eastern and Western Europe, including Nazi Germany. In the third part of the course, we explore the history of eugenics after World War II, all the way down to the turn of the 21st century, when the mapping of the human genome and developments in genetic science and reproductive technologies fueled new concerns about eugenics in the United States and abroad. USH, EUR

This course analyzes the historical development of business in the United States from the time of the country¿s founding until the present, with a particular focus on the twentieth century. In addition to tracking important changes in the American business growth and activity, the course also explores impact of technological change, the relationship between business culture and society, race, class, and gender, consumerism and the role of the worker. Much of our discussion will explore the ways in which managerial decision making, technological choices, and relationships between capitalists, workers, government, and consumers have been shaped, and also shape, culture and society. USH

Warfare has been a constant feature of societies and civilizations. It both destabilizes and stabilizes the order of things. All the dualities of human nature are intimately bound up with and played out in warfare. However we feel about them, wars past and present, perhaps more than any other single factor, have shaped the world we live in. This course is designed to provide a historically anchored survey of warfare in the ancient Mediterranean civilizations, particularly those of Greece and Rome. PRE

European nations wielded power over the inhabitants within their own borders and exercised tremendous economic, intellectual or cultural, and imperial power over vast areas of the globe. How did Europe since roughly the eighteenth century exercise such influence: and what were the internal and external challenges to influence and power? Themes of the course may include, but are not limited to, interactions and exchanges with other parts of the world; colonization and decolonization; capitalism and alternative economic models; society, class, and gender; intellectual and cultural creativity; science and technology; industry and agriculture; political reform, revolution, and conservatism; and religion and secularization.EUR

PRE

The design, production, and dissemination of textiles and clothing have been central to global trade for millennia, and these material products have long been imbued with profound symbolic meanings. Thus, clothing has come to be a vital element in the constitution of a vast number of social hierarchies including gender, race, sexuality, ethnic and nationality, and class. The now established field of fashion studies also engages the business of fashion, which encompasses trade, production, shopping, consumerism, advertising, social media, and celebrity culture. This course will investigate clothes both as artistic creations and as consumer products and will pay particular attention to the interplay between the two. In sum, "Making Fashion: Art, Ethics, and Practice" will engage students in thinking critically about art, cultural production, history, and the rise of consumer capitalism through clothing and the practices of dressing in which students and indeed all individuals participate. While the history of fashion has long been focused primarily on the West since the Renaissance, this class will endeavor to place so-called "birth of fashion" in Europe into its global context by comparing and contrasting the art and practice of fashion around the globe and in an extended chronology. This course is the same as GGS 273. EUR, USH

War creates the perfect setting for health crises. Militaries are disease vectors, transporting germs to new lands. Soldiers living in close quarters and poor conditions suffer from dysentery, trench foot, and malaria. And of course, the central aim of warfare is to inflict bodily injury. Since ancient times, wars have created public health problems, ranging from the Plague of Athens to the spread of sexually transmitted infections during the World Wars and Vietnam. Soldiers have been used as test subjects, helping to shape ideas about ideal intelligence and body types. As military technology advances, so does the damage that new weapons create, evidenced by the devastating wounds inflicted by mini balls and improvised explosive devices. This course explores the many ways that health, disability, and war have intersected across history. From the Peloponnesian War, to the Hundred Years War, to Operation Iraqi Freedom, we will discuss topics including physical and mental war wounds, sexuality, public health, the rise of military medical authority, eugenics, and chemical and biological weapons. USH, PRE

AAL

The course examines the history of antisemitism from antiquity to the present by focusing on central questions such as: What is the definition of antisemitism and what are its historical origins? How did anti-Jewish attitudes develop over time in non-Jewish societies? What are the main historical events associated with antisemitism? And what role does antisemitism play in the world today? The course will examine antisemitism as a central phenomenon of Western history, and survey its different manifestations in the pagan world of antiquity, medieval Christian society, as well as in modern Europe and North America. This course is the same as JDS 275 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. EUR, PRE

The Second World War was the most destructive and profoundly transformative conflict of modern world history. This course will examine the origins, key decisions, major turning points, and consequences of the war from several perspectives. Because war constitutes one of the most terrible and all-embracing aspects of the human experience, considerable time will also be devoted to non-military aspects: daily life, propaganda, culture, and some of the ethical and practical dilemmas faced by ordinary people and leaders alike. EUR

How did the Holocaust happen? How was the Final Solution developed and executed? How have victims, perpetrators, and bystanders written and re-written the accounts of what happened? And how do we remember this today? This course places the Holocaust in the broad context of Western history, thought, and culture by focusing on a variety of sources that include survivor testimonies, novels, and political theory. We will study classic texts such as Elie Wiesel's Night, Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem, and Art Spiegelman's Maus. We will also view selected films, among them Claude Lanzmann's Shoah, and Alain Resnais' Night and Fog. This course is the same as JDS 208, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. EUR

Bridges the Atlantic by examining European exploration and the founding of European colonies in North and South America, 1400-1800. PRE

This course is designed to help students develop the essential skills of good historical writing: the ability to synthesize a wide variety of secondary information, construct nuanced interpretations of primary source material, formulate original historical arguments, and tell engaging, meaningful stories about the past. Students will practice these four foundational areas (synthesis, analysis, argumentation, and narration) through a variety of informal and formal writing assignments, including blog posts, in-class writing, book reviews, and a research essay. In addition, students will gain experience presenting their work orally and visually.

A survey of the conquest and colonization of Latin America from Pre-Columbian civilizations through independence in the early nineteenth century, this course focuses on the creation of new societies in the Americas, shaped by the interaction of Europeans, Indians, and Africans. We will concentrate on the three great poles of colonial development in the New World-central Mexico, highland Peru, and coastal Brazil but our inquiry will also include the Caribbean and other regions. Emphasis is on social and cultural history, including such topics as popular religion, native labor systems, slavery and the slave trade, race relations, marriage and the family, and the challenges of daily life. AAL, PRE

Subject matter determined by instructor. AAL

The objectives of the course are to provide students with insights both into European urbanization and the specific development and cultural importance of Paris. The course covers four different time periods: the Middle Ages, the eighteenth century, the second half of the nineteenth century (from Haussmanization during the Second Empire to the 1889 World's Fair and the Eiffel Tower), ending with the post-WWI influx of Americans, known as The Lost Generation. The main text for the course will be Colin Jones' History of Paris. Students are encouraged to write a research paper on an American in Paris from a list of important visitors. EUR, PRE

Subject matter determined by instructor. EUR

This course explores the politics of everyday life in the Americas, with a special focus on the history of food and eating in the Americas. It takes food as a lens through which to understand the history of nation building and immigration in the Americas, with a special focus on race, class, gender and identity. This course will help student hone their critical eye by analyzing a wide range of food related texts, images, and other media from the 19th century into the present, including cookbooks, literature, blogs, TV and films. Students will also study the food they make, cook, eat and discard as the product of history and also the means by which social, political and national identity are made and unmade. AAL

This course deals with national politics in the U.S. during the 20th century. Periods of rapid change - such as the Progressive Era, Great Depression, Sixties, and 1970s-1980s - will receive particular attention. A major focus will be on the ways the major political parties changed over the decades, and the crucial role the African American freedom movement (and reactions to it) played in this process. The course will introduce students to a greater range of factors that are valuable in understanding national politics than the usual stress on the values and personality of the president, including economic, social, and cultural developments, grassroots movements, the institutional framework of the American political system, and the dynamics of world politics. USH

This class surveys the first sixty years or so of U.S. history. Although this period is often narrated as a triumphal story of a few wise national politicians building American democracy, these years were in fact a far messier and uncertain time when millions of people participated in the making of a new nation: free and enslaved, male and female, rich and poor alike. In our lectures, readings, writings, and discussions, we will examine the complicated dynamics of the era, from the making of "the people"; to the role of empire and warfare in shaping American nationalism; to the expansion and politics of slavery; to the violence of Indian removal; to the partisanship of Jacksonian America; to the impact of evangelical Christianity; and to the many sides, and many silences, of early-American capitalism. USH

This course is designed to present a survey of major political, cultural, and social developments in Europe during the 20th century. In the first half of the semester, the course examines the concept of "modernity" and the rise of mass society. We look at the causes and the experience of the two world wars in Europe, analyze the rise of totalitarian ideologies and dictatorial states, and include the Holocaust. In the second half of the semester, we deal with the division of the European continent under the conditions of the Cold War, and examine the new cultural and intellectual dynamics within European society after 1960. Finally, this course will address the collapse of the Cold War order and the birth of new nation-states in Europe around 1990. Visual materials play a prominent role throughout the semester. EUR

The second of two introductory surveys of African history offered by the Department of History. In this course, we focus on African history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The course covers the increasing encroachment on African by European colonialism and the historical responses of Africans to colonial rule. Among the larger themes that the course will focus on are the responses of African societies to the ending of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Islamic reform and activism in the nineteenth century, colonial political economies, religious change, labor mobilization and migration, urbanization, African political mobilization, and anti-colonial nationalism. The course will also consider some of the historical outcomes in post-colonial Africa. This course is the same as GGS 322. AAL

German history from Bismarck to the unified Germany of today. EUR

This course serves as an introduction to European history from approximately 1400-1789, using several key themes. Many dramatic transformations-religious, political, economic, social, intellectual-played a role creating the modern world. This course examines transformations central to the development of the modern and encourages seeing the familiar elements brought about by these changes. This class also strives to show the complexity of this period, including the instability and uncertainty of the changes. Many things about the Early Modern are unfamiliar to us, and in many ways it is an alien culture. Early Modern Europe has a dual nature, and the readings of this course should be a tug-of-war between the familiar and odd; it should be recognizable and strangely distant at the same time. Ultimately, this course proposes that the birth of the modern world, as we know it, was not the only path, and the Early modern period offered many possibilities. PRE, EUR

This course surveys British history between c. 1485 and c. 1800, between the end of a civil war and the dawn of an industrial and imperial world power. We will study topics from among the following: social changes that affected women, the family, and household; political transformations that shaped the relationship of King and Parliament, government and people; religious reformations that made Britain an officially Protestant country; cultural developments that contributed to philosophy, science, the arts, and literature; and economic revolutions that impacted agriculture and spurred industry. PRE, EUR

This course is an introduction to the history and historiography of Ireland from the seventeenth century to the present, with an emphasis on Ireland's social, cultural and political history from the Cromwellian invasion to the Good Friday Peace accords. While the past is important to most modern cultures, it is particularly central to modern Irish society. The past (or various interpretations of the past) is so often used as ammunition in the on-going battle over the relationship between the Republic of Ireland, Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The goal of the class will be to untangle the intertwined threads of history, legend, propaganda, and folklore which comprise the Irish vision of the past. Topics covered include: the 1798 United Irishmen's Rebellion, the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Catholic Emancipation, the Great Famine/An Gorta Mor, the Gaelic Renaissance, the Home Rule movement, the Troubles, the Irish Diaspora, and the roles of the religion, sport, music, drama and literature in the creation of the Irish nation. EUR

This is an advanced level undergraduate survey of World history between World War I and World War II. Students will be introduced to interwar history as the great period of crisis in contemporary history. This concept will be considered from diverse perspectives, including the changing dynamics of international relations, rapid social and cultural transformations, and the radical new politics ushered in by World War I and its aftermath. The course will focus on the major conflicts of the period, particularly those resulting from World War I and leading to World War II. Considerable attention will be given to the formation of the Soviet Union; the formation of the modern Middle East; the revolutionary civil wars in Spain, China, and elsewhere; the crisis of liberal democracies; and the rise of an age of dictatorship across much of the globe. EUR

In 1851, when the Great Exhibition opened in the new Crystal Palace in London, Britain's position as the pre-eminent great power in the world seemed unrivaled. The Crystal Palace was a massive glass structure that covered almost nineteen acres of ground and showcased some of the most spectacular examples of British ingenuity produced by a century of industrial growth in canals, railways, and factories. HIS 321 will look at both the self-congratulatory and hopeful world of Great Britain and the British empire during the reign of Queen Victoria as well the underside of that world that included new depths of Dickensian poverty, famine in Ireland and the grisly East End of Jack the Ripper. We will explore a range of themes, including: urbanization, class tensions, industrial change, imperialism, gender, socialism, rural nostalgia. In particular, the class will chart the rise of industrial wealth, the problems of urbanization, the expansion of the British empire, and the development of an interventionist state. EUR

The leaders of the newly independent Latin American nations faced a multitude of problems. Geography, culture, economics, and political rivalries doomed most Latin nations to chaos and economic underdevelopment. The first part of this class will focus on the colonial legacy and nineteenth century frustration. The class will examine two unique attempts to grapple with those problems in Haiti and Paraguay. The next two sections will cover failed attempts at reform in Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay and then study equally futile revolutions in Mexico, Cuba, Bolivia, and Nicaragua. The fourth section of the course will focus on current problems, including drugs, debt, immigration, and the looming pressure of the United States. AAL

PRE

Medieval Judaism is an exploration of Judaism as a minority religion living between the Crescent and Cross, the Islamic and Christian empires between the 9th to 16th centuries. We will explore the dual nature of the medieval period for Jews: part intellectual and cultural flourishing and part persecution and tragedy. Topics to be discussed include: the origins of anti-Semitism, the crusades, philosophy vs. mysticism, the Maimonidean controversy, Jewish-Christian dialogue and polemics, the inquisitions, marranos, responses to tragedy and the Renaissance. This course is the same as JDS 329 and RSP 329, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. PRE, EUR

This class will examine the dramatic transformation of Great Britain from world power in 1900 to a reluctant partner in the European Union in 2000. Topics to be covered include: the world wars, Britain's relationship to Ireland, decolonization and the growth of the commonwealth, the rise of the welfare state, Thatcherism, British pop culture, the changing demographic face of the UK, and British politics from Salisbury to Blair. Readings will include fiction and non-fiction and the class will use film and musical evidence to explore Britain's changing place in the world. EUR

Social, political, economic, and diplomatic history of the Old Regime in Europe and France, 1715-1789. PRE, EUR

American cities reflect America's complex culture. Studying cities can reveal the ideals of generations of intellectuals, planners, reformers, and immigrants who viewed the city as a center of their utopian dreams. Studying urban life, however, also reveals how racial prejudice, concentrations of wealth, and political corruption have shaped the American city. This course will explore these contradictions through an examination of the growth and development of urban centers in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Major American cities will also be compared to cities in Europe and Latin America. USH

Examines major topics in Brazilian History, including the conquest of Amerindians, the consolidation of Portuguese colonial society, the role of slavery and abolition, the interplay of political independence and economic independence, and the contest between authoritarian rule and democracy. Considers Brazilian women's lives, race and ethnic relations, environmental controversies, and the cultural expressions of religion, music, and sport - all in historical perspective. Covers five centuries of social change, from the arrival of European colonists to the recent past. AAL

A survey of modern United States history from WWII to the millennium that examines popular culture, social movements, foreign and domestic politics, and economic developments. This course is the same as GGS 329 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. USH

Subject matter determined by instructor. AAL

The first of two introductory surveys of African history offered by the Department of History. In this course, we focus on the formation of diverse states, kingdoms and empires in Africa and their integration into global economies through the expansion of trade in natural resources, human beings, and luxury commodities. The course will introduce students to specific themes such as sources of African history, pre-colonial African political systems, religious beliefs, gender relations, slavery and migration, art and architecture, as well as the African Diasporas. We conclude with a study of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and identification of prime factors in Europe's colonial conquest of Africa. This course is the same as GGS 331, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL, PRE

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many Jews who fled persecution in Europe immigrated to America. By the 1950s, the United States became home to the largest Jewish community in modern history. In this course, we will explore the ways in which life in a liberal political and capitalist economic order shaped the Jewish experience in America, and how Jews, in turn, came to influence American culture, politics, and society. This course is the same as JDS 335, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. USH

This course explores the history of the Old South from the colonial period until the Civil War (1600-1860). Topics to be covered include: the development of the chattel slavery, the creation of sectional identity and the idea of the southern exceptionalism, the rise of "King Cotton," southern cultural and religious practices, the plantation community, and proslavery ideology. This class considers the construction of southern identity though the experiences of white and black southerners, both slaves and free, as well as experiences particular to women. The class will combine both lecture and small group discussion. USH

An introduction to the intellectual history of Europe since the Enlightenment studied through analysis and important documents of philosophy, political and social theory, literature and art. A central focus of this course will be the consciousness of a crisis of modern society and culture that permeated broad sections of nineteenth and twentieth century thought. The course begins with an examination of the humanistic values of the Enlightenment, traces their fate in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and concludes with the question of their survival in our time. EUR

Subject matter determined by instructor. AAL

This course will examine the history of women in colonial America and the U.S. through the 19th century. We will concentrate on social history, looking at how women of different races, ethnicities, classes, regions and ages experienced and shaped their daily lives under the constraints of a given era. Themes will include work, family relations, slavery, childbirth and motherhood, sexuality, and popular culture. We will also look at political issues, including changing notions of patriarchy, women's legal status, the meaning of the American revolution for women, and women's political activism in the abolition, temperance, and woman's rights movements. The central questions will be: How can we understand these issues historically, and what relevance do they hold for more recent history and our own time. This course is the same as GGS 252, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. USH

The course examines Indonesian history from the beginnings of the nationalist movement in the early twentieth century, through the Japanese occupation during World War Two and the anti-colonial revolution that followed it. It then looks at the decline of constitutional democracy and the subsequent establishment of martial law, as well as the tragic killings in the mid-1960s that led to the rise of the 32-year long regime of President Suharto. AAL

Broad historical survey of the Iberian Peninsula from prehistory to the present. Topics include: geography of Iberia; complex institutional. Cultural, and religious interactions of the medieval period; the rise and historical development of the Spanish and Portuguese empires; numerous crises that beset the peninsula in the modern period; and the return of stability and prosperity over the last half-century. PRE, EUR

This course is organized thematically, and is designed to give undergraduate students a deeper, more nuanced understanding of disability history and of the lived experiences of people with disabilities or mental illness. This course focuses specifically on disability history in the United States. It begins in the early 19th century with the foundation of asylums and special schools for disabled children and adults. The course will trace the rise and decline of institutions and segregated education, the emergence of the disability rights movement in the 20th century, and the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990. There will also be sections on disabled veterans of the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. USH

This course is a survey on European history between the French Revolution in 1789 and the First World War. It covers the major political, social, and cultural developments of this "long nineteenth century." The course addresses the emergence of revolutionary and national movements as well as the recomposition of the European map through wars and state-building. It will pay equal attention to the fundamental transformations of society through industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of a mass public. Cultural and ideological aspects include the rise of modern science, the changing role of religion, and the main ideologies of the century: nationalism, liberalism, socialism, and imperialism. EUR

This course concentrates on the Renaissance in Italy from the fourteenth through the early sixteenth century. The focus will be on intellectual world, exploring the understanding of human potential in both the active and the contemplative life as well as the influence of classical and Christian antiquity. Attention is also be paid to the social and political context in the urban centers of Venice, Florence, and Rome. PRE, EUR

USH

This course examines the history of North America and the Caribbean in an Atlantic context from 1492 to 1763. The colonies established by Spain, England, and France in this region formed crucial connections between the Old World and the New. Peoples from Europe, Africa, and North America interacted, shaping the Old World even as they created a New World. Class sessions consist of lecture and discussion. Assignments include several short papers, a take-home midterm, and a take-home final. USH. PRE

Social, economic, and political transformation of the U.S. during the last decades of the nineteenth century. USH

This class will examine women as political activists, women in popular culture, and women's diverse experiences of work, family and sexuality. We will compare late 19th century women's reform movements, culminating in the successful drive for women's suffrage in the 1910s, to the second wave feminist movement spawned in the 1960s and 1970s. We will also explore popular culture as a realm of performance and a powerful site for the creation of female images and ideals. Finally, we will examine birth control, abortion, sexual danger and sexual pleasure as important personal as well as political issues in women's lives. How much have women's lives changed since the 19th century? Have women of varied ages, racial/ethnic communities, and social class been empowered by these changes? How do we assess or measure social change, power, and gender hierarchy? USH

This course explores the causes and development of the division of western Christianity into Protestant and Catholic communities. Following a general survey of social and religious tensions in the late Middle Ages, attention will be given to the contexts and political trends in fifteenth century Europe leading to the so-called "magisterial Reformation" under Luther and Calvin. The religious ideologies of the reformers will be examined against the background of Renaissance culture and developing ideas of the nation-state, the rediscovery and transformation of classical learning, the development of literary and historical criticism, the growth of populism and the power of the laity in the Radical Reformation, and the beginnings of anti-Trinitarian ideas among the Socinians. Some attention will be given to the conciliar and theological efforts to reform the Catholic Church, and to the dispersion of Reformation political ideals and theology to the New World, with special reference to New England. PRE. EUR

The main aim of the course is to develop an understanding of the history of sport and recreation, not as isolated activities but in their social contexts; i.e., as they are influenced by, and themselves influence, other aspects of society, including the social, political and economic aspects of culture. Topics which will be explored include, but are not limited to, examinations of: the role of sport in relation to the growth of industrialization and nationalism in the nineteenth century; the role of race, gender, class, and sexuality as determining factors in the evolution of national sporting traditions, the connections between the international aspects of sport and Western dominance in the global marketplace, and finally, the relationship between sport and notions of civilization, masculinity, and femininity. The predominant focus will be on examples drawn from the Anglophone world of the United States, United Kingdom and the former British Empire. EUR. USH

Explores the main contours of American culture from the Puritans of the seventeenth century to the Victorians of the nineteenth. We will examine a wide variety of phenomena-from magic to science, reading to shopping, social thought to social reform, tea party manners to boxing matches-that reveal the values and attitudes of diverse groups of Americans. Much of the reading will consist of "best sellers" of times past, including fiction, children's literature, and propaganda pieces. USH

What made America modern? Was it the cigarette smoking, fun-loving Flapper elbowing aside the respectable Victorian matron? Was it leaving the farm for the assembly line or office skyscraper? Was it putting the overstuffed furniture on the patio and redecorating with the latest streamlined look? Or was it leaving the parlor piano behind for the movie palace and the television set? We examine the transformation of American culture between the Civil War and the Vietnam War, examining the way in which American values, attitudes, and ideas changed as the shape of our society did. We look at issues ranging from the impact of war on American culture to coping with changing race, class, and gender relations, to the rise of mass and consumer cultures. USH

The changing social organization and cultural meaning of same-sex relations in the United States, primarily in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. USH

What is food for? This simple question invites us to ponder myriad ways that food connects to our lives, from cooking to eating, from spice to medicine, from the expression of the self to the mediation of social relationship. Not surprisingly, food constitutes a vital aspect of Asian culture that figures saliently both in Asia and beyond. Even without going to Asian, we may all have the experience of tasting sushi, General-Tso¿s chicken, or curry. This course probes the history of food in Asia, exploring both the rich culture of food within Asia and its fast spread to the rest of the world in recent past. Topics covered in this course include the techniques of cooking (we may try ourselves), the religious meanings of food, regional features, food trade, food and colonialism, food and national identity, and Asian food in America. In the end, the course seeks to use the study of dishes and drinks in Asia as a gateway to not just understand the fabric of Asian society but also illuminate our dietary habits and ways of living here and now. [No prior knowledge in Asian languages or history is required.] This course is the same as AS 367, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

How do African women and men construct and reorder their lives on a daily basis? How do they negotiate their positions, ascribed gender roles and identities in familial, communal, and national spheres? What are the salient and socio-economic and political issues facing them? How do they emerge as agents of social change? Examines current policy frameworks and agendas such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and public policy responses to poverty, gender inequalities in democratic participation and socioeconomic development. Interrogates human rights issues and the rights of the girl child as they pertain to social practices such as female mutilation and child soldiers. Analyzes the changing dynamics of households due to the combined effects of transnational migration, HIV/AIDS and conflicts and their gender implications. Revisits opportunities for social change in the face of an increased pressure from globalization, environmental degradation, a growing retrenchment of the state, and many threats to human security. Interposing several theoretical lenses and building on an interdisciplinary approach, this seminar analyzes the agency roles of women and men in particular African countries. The course objects are to inspire analytical and critical thinking in students, to develop research and problem solving skills, and to challenge students to integrate multiple analytic perspectives. This course is the same as GGS 350 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

Japan's emergence as a modern state. This course is the same as AS 368LEC, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

This course traces roughly two thousand years of Korean history, from tribal federations to the rise of early states that vied with one another for supremacy and the eventual establishment of political rule over the peninsula by a succession of dynastic states Silla, Kory, and Chos. The goal is to familiarize students with the major social, cultural, political, intellectual and religious developments in the Korean peninsula up to the start of the nineteenth century, while at the same time placing these historical developments within the wider regional context of Korea¿s relations with China and Japan. For most of East Asia's history, the people of Korea had more culturally extensive and historically significant contacts with its two neighbors than they had with each other. For this reason learning about Korea¿s history provides a unique window onto premodern East Asia, and the history of these interconnections in turn reveals something important about the formation of a distinctive Korean identity. In addition to reading and being tested on primary and secondary sources on Korean history, students will be expected to demonstrate their ability to discuss and think critically about the material through written assignments. This course is the same as AS 369 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL, PRE

This course looks at the historical transformations that shaped Korean society, culture and politics in the peninsula from the late 19th century to the present. Attention will be given to Korea's interconnections with events occurring elsewhere in East Asia and other parts of the world as we examine the fast moving events following Korea's forced opening in 1876 by Japan. Included among the major historical events and issues that will be covered in this course on modern Korean history are imperialism and self-strengthening efforts, the period of Japanese colonial rule and its effects on Korean society and politics, the division of the country after 1945 and the Korean War, authoritarianism and military dictatorship in the South, along with the concurrent industrialization and economic development of the 1960s and 70s, student protests and democratization in the South, post-war developments in North Korea, current problems in inter-Korean relations and the prospects for unification in the peninsula. This course is the same as AS 370, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

This course traces the history of Buddhism from its origins in India to its introduction and subsequent growth in East Asia. How did the transmission of Buddhism through Central Asia influence its development? How did Buddhist doctrines and practices change as the religion became part of the social fabric in China, Korea, and Japan? What impact did it have on those countries? After spending a few weeks becoming familiar with the basic outlines of Buddhism in India, we will examine more closely the development of East Asian traditions of Buddhist thought and practice and the roles they played not only in the spiritual lives of people living in China, Korea, and Japan, but also in the political, diplomatic, material, artistic, and social arenas. The links tying the Buddhist traditions of all countries together will be emphasized, but we will also consider the significant differences they exhibited over time. Although a wide range of Buddhist concepts and doctrines will be introduced and discussed, students are not expected to have any prior knowledge either of Buddhism or East Asian history. This course is the same as AS 372. AAL, PRE

This course traces the introduction and spread of Christianity in Asian history, focusing primarily on East Asia and giving special attention to Korea. It begins with an examination of Jesuit missions to Japan and China, as well as the role that India played in the establishment and maintenance of these missions. The different Jesuit strategies for accommodating or rejecting indigenous religious beliefs and customs are compared and considered, as well as the Nestorians in China much earlier. Then we turn to the unique way in which Catholicism was subsequently established in Korea, where Christianity has enjoyed unparalleled success in East Asia. We will look closely at how Christianity has affected and been affected by socio-political developments, its interactions with and influence upon traditional Asian religions, its relationship to nationalism since the late 19th century, and its tensions and conflict with colonialism and Communism in the 20th century. It concludes by asking what factors might have enabled Christianity to have such success in Korea (and the Philippines) and compare these to the situation in China and Japan. This course is the same as AS 374 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

A survey of relations between the U.S. and East Asia from the eighteenth century to the present. AAL

This course analyzes the history of African-Americans to 1877. We are interested in a number of themes including the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the development of particular notions of race in the United States, as well as the methods of slave resistance. The student will be exposed to relevant primary source documents and will be asked to assess and analyze these sources in light of the larger issues in the course. In addition, the student will be exposed to some of the major debates in African American history and will be encouraged to form opinions and convictions on these major issues. The course is interactive and will include sources from the lived experience of African Americans including songs, folktales, and visual culture. USH

The creation of the Nazi dictatorship in 1933 to the Third Reich's destruction in World War II. EUR

This course analyzes the history of African-Americans from 1877 to present. It addresses a number of themes including the experiences of freed persons during the period immediately following slavery, the legal and socio-economic development of racial segregation and discrimination, along with the persistent and varied forms of resistance that African Americans engaged in as avenues of redress. The course also treats the arts and discusses the development of black vernacular arts during the period, linking, for example, the rise of musical forms such as blues and jazz to the Harlem Renaissance and the Black Arts Movement. USH

This course is an introduction to religion in America from the Puritans in the early seventeenth century to Protestant evangelicals in the late twentieth. In between we will be looking at religious movements of many kinds, including "imports" that took on new forms in the American environment, from African religions to immigrant Catholicism and Judaism, as well as others, like Mormonism and Christian Science, "Made in the U.S.A." By looking at phenomena ranging from witchcraft and religious revivals to the Easter Parade and the "Monkey Trial," we will examine religion as a vital force in American Life. USH

AAL

When the bottom dropped out of the economy and huge dust storms blew across the prairies in the 1930s, it seemed as if the social world and nature alike had turned against Americans. But the country fought back against depression and drought in this creative and conflict-filled period. In this course we will explore the ferment of experimentation in politics and culture that marked this era, when ordinary people as well as national leaders forged new directions for American life that continue to affect our lives today. We will consider the implications of the "New Deal coalition," the rise of a strong national government, the development of the Social Security system, the construction of public works, the impact of protest movements and massive strike waves, and the response of artists, writers, and the commercial entertainment industry. USH

What did it feel like to sit in the Philadelphia state house during the hot, muggy summer of 1787, trying to build a new government from the ground up? How did Americans discuss the most divisive issue in the nation ¿ slavery ¿ in the dining clubs and debate halls of nineteenth century New York City? In this class, students will participate in three Reacting to the Past role playing games centered on the American experience. Students will embody the past by taking on a character and ¿living¿ through a historical event, such as the drafting of the Constitution or the tumultuous sectional crisis. In order to win, students will need to listen carefully, make back room deals, pass notes, and give persuasive speeches. In the process, students will hone reading, writing, public speaking, critical thinking, and negotiation skills. USH

This course examines key moments and longer-term dynamics of Southeast Asia's maritime history. We will consider how the sea affected state-building from its earliest days, its impact on pre-colonial international relations, its role as a conduit of the desire for conquest and for exotic goods, and the question of piracy, past and present. This course is the same as AS 389, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL

Black Death to COVID-19: Plagues and pandemics have been significant in world history since the ancient period, and in our contemporary society. How did diseases shape understanding of contagion over time? What kinds of measures were taken to combat disease, and did those steps stigmatize or isolate individuals? What kinds of political, economic, and cultural impacts did the diseases, and public health measures have on individuals and communities? We will cover a number of prominent examples of epidemics, including the Black Death, cholera, AIDS, and COVID-19, exploring their unique, dynamic, and connected histories around the globe. By learning the histories of diverse cultures, we seek to build a better understanding of some of the most urgent epidemics today. AAL, PRE

Survey of Chinese views of the world order, exchanges in material culture across China's borders, and the ways in which Chinese governments and people have interacted with the world from the imperial era to the present era of the rise of China. This course is the same as AS 391, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL, PRE

This course surveys the history of Chinese medicine seen through world history. It focuses on the continuous and dynamic exchange of medical ideas, practices, and materials between China and the rest of the world from antiquity to the present. Rather than treating Chinese medicine as a monolithic, stable, and isolated system of healing, the course highlights its active interactions with other healing cultures throughout history. By offering revealing comparisons and identifying unexpected connections, this course seeks to not just enrich our understanding of the global history of Chinese medicine but also utilize historical knowledge to illuminate our ways of living today. This course is the same as AS 390, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. AAL, PRE

The first semester of a two-semester sequence devoted to an exploration of the medieval European world. This course examines the earlier Middle Ages, from c. 450 to c.1100 AD, that is from the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West and the disintegration of classical civilization to the First Crusade. This course will focus on certain kinds of historical themes and issues and will adopt a certain approach to historical inquiry. The main purpose is to understand the culture and society of the medieval world. How was society organized? What was the mental outlook? What values were assumed or articulated? In particular, what was the role of Christianity, and how did Christianity as a set of beliefs and as a set of institutions influence, and in turn become influenced by, medieval society? In considering these matters, less attention will be paid to a narrative of events than to a scrutiny of key developments and transformations. We will look at the barbarian world, the Carolingian Empire, the Vikings, the development of feudalism, and the circumstances that led to the First Crusade. PRE, EUR

The second semester of a yearlong sequence devoted to an exploration of the medieval European world. It is not assumed, however, that students enrolled in the course have previously taken HIS 393 Medieval Civilization I. HIS 393 examined the earlier Middle Ages, from c.450 to c.1100. HIS 394 will consider the later period, from c.1100 to c.1500. This period was marked by new patterns of spiritual and intellectual life, by the emergence of new ideals of aristocratic demeanor and behavior (chivalry and courtly love), by the growth (and the decline) of papal authority, by the re-emergence of cities, and the revival of monarchical power. This course will focus on certain kinds of historical themes and issues and will adopt a certain approach to historical inquiry. The main purpose is to understand the culture and society of the medieval world. How was society organized? What was the mental outlook? What values were assumed or articulated? A particular focus will be the role and significance of Christianity. How did Christianity as a set of beliefs and as a set of institutions influence, and in turn become influenced by, medieval society? PRE, EUR

Subject matter determined by instructor. PRE

Fascism was the novel political phenomenon of the twentieth-century world. It remains one of the most widely known and yet least understood terms in the modern political lexicon. This seminar will examine the origins and development of fascist ideology and practice, comparing and contrasting the various fascist movements to emerge throughout Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. At the center of the course will be the question of whether fascism is best defined as an ideology, a political culture, an ethic or morality, a historical era, or whether the term is a useful analytical device at all. Readings and seminar discussions over the course of the semester will consider diverse historical interpretations of fascism, seeking to understand the social, political, and cultural origins of fascist movements and the processes by which they led to such devastating consequences. In the final weeks of the semester, the seminar will examine fascist-like movements outside of Europe and after 1945, analyzing the similarities and differences they present relative to the classic forms of interwar European fascism. EUR

Do you use drugs? You probably do. And you¿re not alone: most Americans regularly use at least some drugs, whether it be beer, coffee, cigarettes, Adderall, NyQuil, marijuana, OxyContin, heroin, or something else. Drug taking is something most Americans share. USH Yet what we share also divides us. Some drug markets are legal and well-advertised, others are illegal and clandestine. Some drug use saves lives, other use kills. Where a person¿s drug use falls on this spectrum¿whether it harms or helps, brings praise or condemnation, raises stock prices or fills prisons¿does not depend on the pharmacological characteristics of the drugs involved. Instead it is determined by social contexts of manufacture, commerce, and consumption. These context, in turn, are shaped by culture and politics: by our understanding of disease and the configuration of our medical system; by our understanding of morality and the configuration of our criminal justice system; by our understanding of self-fulfillment and the configuration of our consumer culture; and by our understanding of race, class, and gender and the configuration of our social hierarchies. In other words, they are shaped by history. This course explores the history of alcohol and other drugs, using selected readings and a guided primary research paper to discover how drug takers, drug sellers, and drug police helped make and remake modern America

The Spanish Civil War remains an archetype of modern civil war six decades following its conclusion. This course examines the many debates surrounding the origins of the war, the explanations for its outcome, and its legacy in Spanish and world affairs. Students will read personal war memoirs, historical novels, political tracts, and history texts, and will address these critically in oral presentations and written assignments. The seminar will seek to understand the origins and results of the Spanish conflict, and to gain perspective on the significance of revolutionary civil wars in the shaping of the contemporary world. EUR

Subject matter determined by instructor. AAL

This research seminar explores the many ways Americans have remembered and commemorated war in their history. From colonial wars of settlement in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to our current "war on terror," we will examine the formal and informal ways Americans have memorialized their martial experiences, and how those memorial strategies have shaped American society. And we will debate the profound ways that the experience of war, both for soldiers and civilians, have transformed lives for better and for worse. Students will engage with the topic though a variety of primary and secondary sources, including works of literature, visual images, and film. Students will conduct primary source research on a topic of their choosing in relation to the themes and questions of the course. USH

Europeans have always been on the move, visiting or trading with other parts of the world, or bent on conquest as during the medieval Crusades. With the discovery of the New World, a new era nonetheless opens when the accumulation of territory and goods would appear boundless, inciting further voyages to find places as yet "undiscovered" and "unclaimed." Through primary readings of explorers' accounts and through secondary analyses, we will chart the changing aims and justifications for such explorations: what drove them, what stimulated individuals who undertook them, who financed them and to what ends. PRE, EUR

AAL

This course will explore the history of women in the United States. Seminar readings will begin with the colonial period and continue through the mid-20th century. Topics of focus include women's work and family lives; women's political movements and relationship to the state; differences and conflicts across race and class; the expression and regulation of female sexuality; and changing definitions of femininity and womanhood. We will also read articles on feminist theory that are relevant to historical interpretation. USH

Varying topics in Renaissance history, as chosen by the professor. PRE, EUR

This seminar examines slavery in a global context, by comparing and contrasting systems of slavery and slave experiences from classical Greece and Rome, through Medieval Europe and Islamic Mediterranean Slavery, to the Modern Atlantic (slavery in Africa, Europe, and the Americas). The course demonstrates how slavery went from a common human practice to a racialized operation in the modern period. It is divided into five parts: old world slavery, colonial slave systems, slave societies, slavery and gender, and slave soldiers. Throughout the course, we will seek to understand how and why the institution of slavery changed over time and why it was different from place to place. This course is the same as GGS 418 and university repeat rules will apply. AAL, PRE

Subject matter determined by instructor. AAL

Subject matter determined by instructor. EUR

Varying topics in British history, as chosen by the professor. PRE, EUR

Varying topics in American intellectual and cultural history, as chosen by the professor. USH

Varying topics in modern European history, as chosen by the professor. EUR

Varying topics in American social history, as chosen by the professor. USH

Subject matter determined by instructor. EUR

Introduces students to the historical study of the human-made landscape. Focusing on phenomena ranging from Puritan town plans to streetcar suburbs, and domestic architecture to shopping plazas, students learn to evaluate the landscape as the historical artifact of human activity and human choices, shaped by a shifting mix of cultural values, economic patterns, technological developments, and government policies. USH

Examines the struggle for dominion and survival among indigenous peoples in colonial Latin America as they encountered peoples of European and African descent between 1500 and 1800. Focusing on social and cultural themes, students will explore how warfare, violence, subjugation, resilience, and ethnogenesis shaped indigenous societies, destroying some, transforming others and giving rise to more. AAL, PRE

An introduction to the intellectual history of Europe since the Enlightenment studied through analysis and important documents of philosophy, political and social theory, literature and art. A central focus of this course will be the consciousness of a crisis of modern society and culture that permeated broad sections of nineteenth and twentieth century thought. The course begins with an examination of the humanistic values of the Enlightenment, traces their fate in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and concludes with the question of their survival in our time. Readings will be selected from a variety of thinkers - Voltaire, Goethe, Hegel, Marx, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, Kafka, Max Weber, Freud, Brecht, Sartre, Orwell, and Foucault - representing a broad spectrum of philosophic and political opinion. At the same time an attempt will be made to examine the history of ideas within the broader framework of the political, social, economic, and cultural history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. EUR

This course will examine how the cold war's politics and culture, including its foreign policy, shaped gender relations and sexuality in the United States. In addition to readings, we will analyze various forms of popular culture and social policy. Students will also discuss the significance of gender and the cold war for understanding contemporary American politics and culture. This course is the same as GGS 439 and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. USH

The Stalin era was one of the most turbulent periods in Soviet history. Between 1928 and 1953, the Soviet Union was dramatically transformed by rapid industrialization, collectivization, state violence and terror, and war. In this seminar, students will explore the major events and turning points of this period. We will also learn about key debates and themes in the historiography of Stalinism.

Varying topics in diplomatic history, as chosen by the professor. USH

This course traces the experiences of health, illness, and medicine in American history in the 19th and 20th centuries. We will address the shift from traditional to scientific and professional medicine; the experience of being ill and of being a patient; the ¿medicalization¿ of everyday experiences; the health impact of modern commercial capitalism; and healthcare as a form of ¿biopower,¿ that is, as a tool of governance in American social hierarchies of citizenship, race, gender, class, and sexuality. Students will have the opportunity to find and analyze historical documents in a substantial research project. USH

Race has played a major role in defining the physical, cultural, and political environment of American cities. This course will explore the role of race in urban history from the colonial period to the present. Cities were utopian destinations for generations of immigrants and native-born African Americans. Yet, those same cities were marked by racial prejudice, concentrations of poverty, and political corruption. We will examine these contradictions by analyzing the experiences of African American, Latino and Asian city dwellers. USH

This seminar will deal with the history of the U.S., both internationally and domestically, from the end of the Second World War to the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in the early 1990s. Topics will include the post-war competition in Europe between the Americans and the Soviets in the immediate post-war years, the Korean War, the Red Scare, the nuclear arms race and protests against nuclear testing, the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam and the anti-war movement, and the roles of Gorbachev, Reagan, and the nuclear freeze movement during the arms race of the 1980s. USH

Varying topics in 20th century U.S. history, as chosen by the professor. USH

Varying topics in colonial American history, as chosen by the professor. USH, PRE

Subject matter determined by instructor. USH

EUR

USH

This seminar examines major themes in European history since the end of World War II. Through extensive readings of primary documents and secondary works, the course will cover the following topics: the transition from war to peace; the consolidation of a democratic West and a socialist East; the rise of mass consumer society in both blocs; the end of the European empires and transition to multilateralism; the challenges of political and ethnic violence; and the rise of a new cultural pluralism across the continent in the early twenty-first century. (EUR)

Examines the history of black women in the United States from the slave era through the reform movements that occurred after World War II. Focuses on the range of demands placed on black women during the Gilded and Progressive eras - the founding of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896, their participation in the women's suffrage movement, black struggles for liberation in the United States and in the African Diaspora, cultural movement, war, labor force participation, and health. Also explores black women's interaction with male-dominated groups and feminists from other racial and ethnic groups. Students will analyze black women as leaders, their leadership styles and the impact that they have made on constituents. This course is the same as AAS 460 and GGS 460, and course repeat rules will apply. Students should consult with their major department regarding any restrictions on their degree requirements. USH

Subject matter determined by instructor. EUR

Subject matter determined by instructor. USH

The subject of this seminar is the European war that involved (directly or indirectly) every country in Europe, leading to religious and political realignments, rebellion and civil war, and huge civilian losses. It brought the existing system of governance into question and opened the way to what we know as the Age of Absolutism. The readings for the course will cover the center of the conflict, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, but also France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and England. Requirements, besides the weekly readings, will include a short historiographical paper and a longer research paper. EUR

This course explores the complex interplay between Japanese imperialism, colonial occupation, and the formation of modern Korean nationalism. It begins with a brief examination of the historical relationship between Korea and Japan, the changes that occurred in late nineteenth-century East Asia, and an overview of Japanese colonialism in Korea during the early twentieth century. It then shifts to a consideration of the theoretical approaches to imperialism, nationalism and Orientalism. Students will be asked to assess the applicability of these theories to the historiography of Japanese colonialism in Korea with respect to national consciousness, identity formation, gender, class, socio-economics and industrialization, resistance and collaboration, and law. AAL

In this seminar we will examine historical figures who have also become folk heroes. What sorts of people were they to have captured the popular imagination, motivating others to conceive of themselves in novel, special ways, and inspiring them to take action in some cases against the odds? What makes them so memorable that their names continue to evoke powerful associations? And how have the iconographies and ideas connected to them been appropriated and re-worked in subsequent social and political moments? From ancient Britain to contemporary Chiapas, we will analyze folk heroes by looking at them in two ways. First, we will consider the historical contexts from which they emerged, and second, we will examine how they were later taken up in popular discourses and practices.

China changed more radically, arguably, than any other country in the twentieth century. This seminar explores these changes, which have had and will continue to have major impacts across the world. After a broad and rapid survey of Chinese social and political history in the 19th and 20th centuries, subsequent units examine particular topics in greater depth. Students will complete research projects based in part on primary sources in English translation. AAL

The 20th-century transformation of Chinese cities is the focus of this seminar, which draws on primary sources and scholarly works to analyze the influence of worldwide currents of urban reform in China, as well as the persistence of Chinese patterns of urban life. Students will conduct research on topics of their choice related to the general theme. AAL

This seminar explores changes that occurred in American society and politics in the period between the two world wars. The main focus of the course is an original research paper based on primary sources (chiefly congressional hearings) that deals with a major public issue of each students choosing. Especially during the New Deal era of the 1930s, the federal government expanded rapidly, and committees of the U.S. Congress heard testimony on almost every conceivable subject. The research and writing of the paper will happen in steps over the course of the semester, with guidance of the professor. USH

What is a poison? How do we understand the effects of poisons on our body? How do we make the best use of these potent matters that can benefit us and the society at large? These are some of the fundamental questions to the history of medicine, and driving ones for this course. Examining the history of poisons through twelve case studies, we will explore the complexity of poison materiality by contemplating the intimate relations between poisons, medicines, and foods. We will learn how the experiences of the body shaped the conceived values of poisons. We will examine the circulation of poison knowledge across social and geographical domains. Using specific poisons as the anchor of our analysis, we will explore the social fabric and cultural milieu in which particular ideas and practices of poisons emerged, flourished, or diminished. One key aspect of the course is to introduce a comparative perspective to the study of medical history. By studying above topics in both European/American and Asian contexts, we will identify surprising parallels, striking differences, and hidden connections between these traditions. Finally, we will ponder how knowledge of poisons in the past illuminates our notions and habits of ingesting and experiencing drugs today. This course is the same as AS 492. AAL, PRE

Varying topics in African-American history, as chosen by the professor. USH

Students learn to connect their historical studies with the world outside the academy by doing an internship at a historical site or museum. Students must arrange the internship themselves. The internship site must have a strong connection to history; some local examples include the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, the Amherst Museum, Old Fort Niagara, and the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural site. Students register for this course through the History Department's Director of Undergraduate Studies.

All seniors in the History honors program are required to take this two-semester sequence. The first semester consists of weekly seminars that will help students choose a good topic and teach research strategies. The second semester involves a research project arranged with and carried out under the guidance of a faculty member.

All seniors in the History honors program are required to take this two-semester sequence. The first semester consists of weekly seminars that will help students choose a good topic and teach research strategies. The second semester involves a research project arranged with and carried out under the guidance of a faculty member.

Involves a research project arranged with and carried out under the guidance of a faculty member.

Involves a research project arranged with and carried out under the guidance of a faculty member.

Course topic and requirements arranged in consultation with instructor. Except in special circumstances, this course cannot be used to satisfy the department's seminar requirement.